Functional metagenomics: A potential tool for mining of biomolecules from environmental samples

Functional metagenomics is emerging as a transformative tool for discovering biomolecules from environmental samples, offering unprecedented insights into microbial diversity and functionality. This review explores the potential of functional metagenomics to uncover novel enzymes, antibiotics, and therapeutic compounds by analyzing environmental DNA (eDNA) without the constraints of traditional culture-based methods. The vast microbial biomass in diverse ecosystems, from soil to extreme habitats, harbors a wealth of genetic resources that can be harnessed for biotechnological applications. Researchers can use modern sequencing techniques and functional screening approaches to find and characterize genes with advantageous features, such as bioremediation capacities and industrially relevant enzymes. Despite challenges in DNA extraction and host expression systems, integrating functional metagenomics with multi-omics approaches promises to enhance our understanding of microbial interactions and facilitate the development of eco-friendly bioprocesses. This review underscores the importance of functional metagenomics in expanding our repertoire of biomolecules and highlights its potential to significantly impact biotechnology and environmental sustainability.