Beyond Digital Interventions: Human-Centered Design for Adolescents' Type 1 Diabetes Management in LMICs.

Human-centered design (HCD) centers users' perspectives in the technology design process. This approach is widely used in ICTD to develop digital interventions for people in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including mobile health (mHealth) applications. However, primarily using HCD to develop digital interventions limits understanding of how to design interventions for users who do not regularly use digital technologies, particularly smartphones. In this article, we contribute a case study documenting our collaboration with Kenyan adolescents and their caregivers to develop a prototype paper-based diary to support type 1 diabetes (T1D) management. We describe how outcomes from the project's user research and ideation phases-in particular, findings from two design workshops-contributed to the development of the diary. Our findings motivate a discussion about considering alternative HCD outcomes: in particular, non-digital interventions, new knowledge creation, and community-building.