Techno-economic modeling and analysis of a PV EV charged with battery energy storage system (BESS) on Kalimantan Island

This research examines the optimal combination of solar panel and battery capacity in hybrid systems in 11 cities on the island of Borneo, utilizing the region’s significant solar energy potential and high irradiation levels. This research analyses the optimal combination of solar panels and battery capacity in 11 cities in Kalimantan using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithms to maximize energy output, reduce levelised energy costs, and maximally reduce carbon emissions. Results show Tarakan as the most optimal location, generating 215,804.88 kWh for IDR 916.9/kWh and lowering emissions by 435,884.29 kgCO₂e, while Samarinda is the least optimal location. Economically, electricity tariffs of IDR 2,466.78/kWh and IDR 2,000/kWh generate a positive Net Present Value (NPV) with a payback period (PP) of 9–12 years, while a tariff of IDR 1,500/kWh is considered unfavorable. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of PSO and GWO in optimizing the renewable energy system and confirm the project’s financial viability, with a positive NPV and reasonable PP. Implementing renewable energy systems in Kalimantan Island can improve energy efficiency and significantly reduce carbon emissions, supporting environmental sustainability goals.