Hidden gateways to digital space—the spatial distribution of Wi-Fi networks in the context of demographic structure in rural areas

This study examines the spatial distribution of Wi-Fi networks at a local scale in the context of demographic structure in rural areas. According to the main assumptions, Wi-Fi networks can be treated as hidden gateways to digital space. Identifying and mapping these hidden gateways can reveal the complexity of human activities as they function across real and digital spaces and in between them. The authors explore the influence of the local spatial distribution of different age groups on the distribution of Wi-Fi networks, as well as the correlation between the spatial patterns of hidden gateways and demographic structures. The research was conducted in the rural areas of five communes in Poland. Data were collected through the wardriving method using the WiGLE app and subsequently analysed employing geostatistical techniques. The results confirmed a relationship between population density and the number of Wi-Fi networks, indicating that areas with higher populations are more likely to have access to these networks. Additionally, the study found that the spatial distribution of Wi-Fi networks closely aligns with the presence of younger age groups, highlighting the role of demographics in shaping access to digital connectivity. This research suggests that future studies should integrate additional socioeconomic factors and investigate local Wi-Fi usage patterns through social analysis.