Extending atomic decomposition and many-body representation with a chemistry-motivated approach to machine learning potentials

Most widely used machine learning potentials for condensed-phase applications rely on many-body permutationally invariant polynomial or atom-centered neural networks. However, these approaches face challenges in achieving chemical interpretability in atomistic energy decomposition and fully matching the computational efficiency of traditional force fields. Here we present a method that combines aspects of both approaches and balances accuracy and force-field-level speed. This method utilizes a monomer-centered representation, where the potential energy is decomposed into the sum of chemically meaningful monomeric energies. The structural descriptors of monomers are described by one-body and two-body effective interactions, enforced by appropriate sets of permutationally invariant polynomials as inputs to the feed-forward neural networks. Systematic assessments of models for gas-phase water trimer, liquid water, methane–water cluster and liquid carbon dioxide are performed. The improved accuracy, efficiency and flexibility of this method have promise for constructing accurate machine learning potentials and enabling large-scale quantum and classical simulations for complex molecular systems. A machine-learning-potential framework achieves an optimal balance of accuracy and efficiency through monomeric decomposition. Systematic evaluations highlight its potential in large-scale simulations of complex molecular systems.