Epigenetic changes induced by carcinogenic agents or occupational exposure with sufficient evidence for bladder cancer.

Extensive evidence highlights the role of epigenetic alterations in chemically induced carcinogenesis. Accordingly, this review focuses on the importance of epigenetics and exposure in bladder cancer. Specifically, we examined publications reporting epigenetic alterations associated with exposure to agents and occupations classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as having sufficient evidence for bladder cancer. This systematic review was conducted in compliance with PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive search of the PubMed database was performed for studies published up to March 2024. The inclusion criteria required the use of epigenetic studies in healthy populations exposed to carcinogenic agents or occupational exposures with sufficient evidence for bladder cancer, as classified by IARC, and limited to articles written in English. We identified 23 studies examining epigenetic changes in healthy individuals exposed to 16 carcinogens or occupational exposures with established evidence of increased bladder cancer risk. These studies particularly emphasized DNA methylation analysis. Epigenetic responses associated with these exposures have been extensively studied and characterized. While epigenetic disorders are increasingly considered critical in cancer assessments, there remain gaps in research addressing the epigenetic effects of many potential carcinogens in human epithelium. Consequently, data on bladder cancer induction through epigenetic mechanisms are especially valuable.