Impact of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Exposure on Gastrointestinal Outcomes Among ICU Patients: A Multicenter Matched Cohort Study.

Importance: Patients admitted to the ICU often experience gastrointestinal complications. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have become increasingly prevalent in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, and there is evidence that their use may be associated with an increased risk of clinically significant gastrointestinal events. However, their impact on critically ill patients admitted to the medical ICU is unknown.

Objectives: This study examined whether pre-ICU use of GLP-1RAs was associated with increased incidence of gastrointestinal complications and hospitalization outcomes.

Design, setting and participants: Multicenter, retrospective cohort study of critically ill patients admitted to academic and community hospitals of Mayo Clinic Health System from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2023. Patients who were admitted to surgical ICUs and those who were exposed to GLP-1RA medications before but did not have an active prescription within 30 days of admission were excluded. Patients exposed to GLP-1RA were matched with those nonexposed in a 1:1 fashion based on demographic factors, factors affecting gastrointestinal motility, overall illness burden, and clinical acuity.

Main outcomes and measures: Outcomes of interest were the development of gastrointestinal dysfunction, ICU- and hospital-free days, and mortality.

Results: A total of 31,327 patients with diabetes or obesity were identified of whom these, 631 were exposed to GLP-1RA before admission. In the matched cohort of 1262 patients, baseline variables were evenly distributed between the two groups. There were no significant differences in the odds of developing nausea/vomiting, constipation, ileus, obstruction, impaction, or aspiration pneumonia between the GLP-1RA exposed and unexposed groups. Similarly, ICU and hospital mortality rates were comparable across the two groups. However, GLP-1RA exposed patients had significantly more hospital-free days compared with unexposed patients (estimate, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.38-2.0; p = 0.004).

Conclusions and relevance: GLP-1RA exposure was not associated with increased odds of clinically significant gastrointestinal complications in nonsurgical critically ill patients. Increased hospital-free days observed among GLP-1RA exposed patients requires further study.