Translational Biomedical Research: Challenges and Solutions of Using Animal Models.

In translational research, utilisation of laboratory animal models contributes significantly to the understanding of human diseases, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Due to their genetic, anatomical, and physiological similarities to humans, their use allows for in vivo studies to assess the safety, efficacy, and side effects of potential treatments before human trials. However, the relevance is often challenged by significant physiological and genetic differences between species. Additionally, ethical concerns regarding the use of animals' research and variability and reproducibility issues also arise due to differences in strains, breeding practices, and housing conditions, complicating the consistency and reliability of experimental outcomes. To address these challenges, researchers are exploring alternative approaches such as in vitro models, organoids, and computational simulations, which offer promising and ethical substitutes for animal models. Despite these developments, animal models remain indispensable for certain investigations due to their ability to replicate complex biological processes and disease mechanisms. Collaborative efforts to standardise protocols and promote data sharing are essential to improve the reproducibility and translational value of animal research. Key Words: Animal models, Translational research, Challenges in translational research, Alternative to animal models.