Next generation pneumococcal vaccines for children and adults.

Streptococcus pneumoniae remains one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in children and in the elderly worldwide. Pneumococcal conjugated vaccines (PCVs) have reduced invasive and noninvasive pneumococcal disease in children and adults. However, challenges persist due to serotype replacement, epidemiological diversity and global inequalities in vaccine access. The future of PCVs is structured around three major areas of innovation: expanding antigenic coverage, developing serotype-independent formulations and introducing advanced technological platforms such as the Multiple Antigen Presenting System (MAPS). The challenge is double to better improve immunogenicity beyond serotypes and to extend the global impact of vaccines with more equitable and effective global rates of vaccination.