古代/古典早期(公元前6世纪)希腊劳瑞翁的铅中毒和代谢性疾病共存的证据。

IF 0.7 4区 社会学 Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY
Anna Lagia, Sydney Patterson, Isabelle De Groote
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引用次数: 0

摘要

铅是地球上毒性最大的重金属和环境污染物之一,能够对人体的每个器官产生不利影响,具有有害的短期和长期影响。在希腊阿提卡东南部的劳利翁地区,从史前时代就开始开采富含银的铅矿。在古代晚期和古典时期,这一地区被大量开采,为雅典的财富和主权做出了重大贡献。采矿和冶金活动在古代晚期有所下降,但在19世纪后期恢复,一直持续到20世纪末。这些活动的遗迹仍然点缀在景观中,构成潜在的环境风险。虽然铅对人类骨骼的化学影响有充分的文献记载,但铅污染的骨学印记,特别是在古典古代,仍然没有被探索。本文研究了在劳里昂发现的一名2岁婴儿遗骸上发现的铅中毒特征病变,该婴儿可追溯到古代/早期古典时期(公元前6 - 5世纪)。本研究采用非侵入性技术,包括宏观分析、数字显微镜、x线平片和显微ct成像,来评估病变的表现、分布、发病机制和病因。由软骨内成骨形成的解剖区域,包括长骨的外形骨、中肋骨的胸骨末端和下颌骨的髁突,都受到骨肥大和铅线或铅带形成的影响。此外,颅穹窿增生是贫血的诊断,而颅内表面的病变表明脑病,这与高水平的铅暴露有关,通常是致命的。诊断为坏血病的病变和与佝偻病一致的病变的存在进一步支持了婴儿骨骼中多种代谢性疾病的共同发生。这些病变的表现可以提供深入了解铅中毒的历史和它的持久影响。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Evidence of lead poisoning and the co-occurrence of metabolic disease in Archaic/Early Classical (6th5th century BCE) Laurion, Greece.

Lead is one of the most toxic heavy metals and environmental pollutants on earth capable of adversely affecting every organ in the human body, with harmful short- and long-term effects. In the Laurion region of southeastern Attica, Greece, the extraction of silver-rich lead ores has been practiced since prehistoric times. This area was heavily mined during the late Archaic and Classical periods significantly contributing to Athens wealth and sovereignty. Mining and metallurgical activities declined towards late antiquity but resumed in the late 19th century, continuing until the end of the 20th century. Vestiges of these activities still dot the landscape posing potential environmental risks. Although the chemical effects of lead on the human skeleton are well-documented, the osteological imprint of lead contamination, especially in classical antiquity, remains unexplored. This paper examines lesions characteristic of lead poisoning found on the remains of a 2-year-old infant from Laurion dating to the Archaic/Early Classical period (6th5th century BCE). The study employs non-invasive techniques, including macroscopic analysis, digital microscopy, plain radiography, and micro-CT imaging, to assess the presentation, distribution, pathogenesis, and etiology of the lesions. Anatomical areas formed by endochondral ossification, including the metaphyses of the long bones, the sternal ends of mid-ribs, and the condyle(s) of the mandible, are affected by bone hypertrophy and the formation of lead lines or lead bands. Additionally, hyperplasia of the cranial vault is diagnostic of anemia, while lesions on the endocranial surface indicate encephalopathy, which is associated with high levels of lead exposure and is often fatal. The presence of lesions diagnostic of scurvy and those consistent with rickets further supports the co-occurrence of multiple metabolic diseases in the infant skeleton. The manifestation of these lesions can provide insights into the history of lead toxicity and its lasting effects.

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CiteScore
1.50
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