An insight into control strategies against bovine tropical tick (Rhipicephalus microplus) in context to acaricide resistance.

The monoxenous Ixodid tick Rhipicephalus microplus is an economically important pest infesting cattle populations worldwide. Apart from being a vector of various diseases, they cause substantial production losses. The control against this tick is mostly through chemical acaricides, which have been undermined by problems of resistance as well as toxic residues in the environment and living beings. In spite of the development of two commercial vaccines against the tick way back in the 1990s, the anticipated results were not recorded in field conditions. The search for vaccine antigens has led to the identification of subolesin, serpins, lipocains and proteoses showing protective immune response. The efficacy of these candidate antigens is mostly assessed by the mortality of adult and larval stages and effect on reproductive performance. Similarly, the use of plant extracts, nano encapsulation of plant extracts and entomopathogenic fungi have been widely subjected to in vitro and in vivo trials to offer a cost-effective and green solution to tick infestation. In recent years, the use of modern technologies like RNA interference, in silico docking and CRISPR technology have accelerated the identification of potent antigens and active fractions of plant extracts. Integrated tick management is a good option for the eradication of R. microplus. However, the integration of chemical and non-chemical control strategies still remains a challenge. The present review article is focused on the ongoing and emerging control strategies against the tick that will help researchers evolve a sustainable solution against R. microplus infestation.