Swelling and skin changes: an osteopathic approach to pediatric lymphedema management.

Context: Pediatric lymphedema is a progressive condition of chronic swelling and soft-tissue damage, caused by impaired lymphatic function. It affects nearly 1 in 100,000 children in the United States, raising challenges of clinical management and strategies for preventing disease progression. Traditional therapies, such as complex decongestive therapy (CDT), provide limited value due to a lack of research on the pediatric population and low compliance in adolescents, highlighting the need to seek alternative approaches. Multiple osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) modalities, such as myofascial release (MFR) and lymphatic pump, enhance lymphatic flow and have emerged as promising adjunctive therapies.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to systematically review and evaluate the evidence supporting the effectiveness of OMT in managing pediatric lymphedema and compare it to traditional therapies such as CDT.

Methods: A systematic review was conducted from July 2024 to October 2024 across PubMed, DynaMed, and Google Scholar databases. Searches followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines with the following Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms: "pediatric lymphedema," "primary lymphedema," "osteopathic manipulative treatment," and "lymphatic drainage techniques." Inclusion criteria involved peer-reviewed articles published in English between 2015 and 2024 with full-text access, focusing on lymphedema management and pediatric cases. Grey literature and non-English studies were excluded. A total of four authors conducted independent screenings, resolving disagreements through consensus. Data on outcomes, patient demographics, and treatment efficacy were extracted and analyzed to compare OMT with CDT.

Results: Out of 7,261 records identified, 7,153 were excluded (duplicates and nonrelevant studies). Thus, 108 full texts were assessed, with 18 studies meeting the eligibility criteria. Findings indicated that OMT techniques, such as lymphatic pump treatment (LPT), may help with limb volume reduction and wound closure. In a pediatric cohort, OMT demonstrated significant patient compliance and satisfaction due to its noninvasive nature and reduced session times compared to other therapeutic counterparts. Moreover, studies on fibroblast morphology suggest cellular benefits of OMT in reducing chronic inflammatory markers, promoting tissue repair, and improving lymphatic flow.

Conclusions: OMT shows promise as an adjunctive therapy for pediatric lymphedema, offering advantages of enhanced lymphatic drainage, reduced edema, and prompt wound healing with better patient tolerance. Further large-scale trials are needed to validate the clinical utility of OMT, aiming to establish comprehensive management protocols for pediatric lymphedema.