Thang S Han, Anke Hannemann, Riikka Arffman, Nele Friedrich, Till Ittermann, Robin Wilkening, Terhi Piltonen, Christopher Henry Fry, Ana B Crujeiras, Felipe F Casanueva
{"title":"女性低泌乳素血症与心脏代谢健康的关系","authors":"Thang S Han, Anke Hannemann, Riikka Arffman, Nele Friedrich, Till Ittermann, Robin Wilkening, Terhi Piltonen, Christopher Henry Fry, Ana B Crujeiras, Felipe F Casanueva","doi":"10.1093/ejendo/lvaf101","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>An evidence-based definition for the lower reference limit of serum prolactin (PRL) is lacking. We recently examined the European Male Ageing Study (EMAS) data and derive a threshold set at 3.0 ng/mL for hypoprolactinemia in men. Here, we identified the lower reference limit for PRL in women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used data from the Study of Health of Pomerania (SHIP-START, Germany, discovery cohort), and the Women's Health Study (WENDY, Finland, validation cohort). The two-sigma empirical rule was applied to obtain a threshold at 2.5% of the log10 PRL distribution. Logistic and Cox regressions were used to examine the association between PRL and cardiometabolic outcomes at baseline and follow-up, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 2048 women aged 20-81 year from SHIP-START and 1730 women aged 33-37 year from WENDY. The low serum PRL threshold was derived at 2.60 ng/mL for premenopausal women and 2.29 ng/mL in women of all ages from SHIP-START, and 4.84 ng/mL in WENDY. These thresholds were not far off from that previously identified in men (3 ng/mL). In SHIP-START, we further found that compared to PRL levels of 5.0-34.9 ng/mL, lower PRL level were more commonly associated with type-2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome at baseline. Moreover, after a median of 12 year of follow-up (IQR = 6.9-15.8 year), the risk of developing myocardial infarction was greater in women with PRL < 2.30 ng/mL (SHIP-START criteria): adjusted hazard ratio = 4.19 (95% CI: 1.74-10.12), and in women with PRL < 3 ng/mL (EMAS criteria): hazard ratio = 2.74 (95% CI: 1.44-5.21).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our data suggests that a serum PRL level lower than 3 ng/mL could be adopted for identifying PRL-associated cardiometabolic disease in both sexes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11884,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Endocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"662-670"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"The relationship between hypoprolactinemia and cardiometabolic health in women.\",\"authors\":\"Thang S Han, Anke Hannemann, Riikka Arffman, Nele Friedrich, Till Ittermann, Robin Wilkening, Terhi Piltonen, Christopher Henry Fry, Ana B Crujeiras, Felipe F Casanueva\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/ejendo/lvaf101\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>An evidence-based definition for the lower reference limit of serum prolactin (PRL) is lacking. We recently examined the European Male Ageing Study (EMAS) data and derive a threshold set at 3.0 ng/mL for hypoprolactinemia in men. Here, we identified the lower reference limit for PRL in women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used data from the Study of Health of Pomerania (SHIP-START, Germany, discovery cohort), and the Women's Health Study (WENDY, Finland, validation cohort). The two-sigma empirical rule was applied to obtain a threshold at 2.5% of the log10 PRL distribution. Logistic and Cox regressions were used to examine the association between PRL and cardiometabolic outcomes at baseline and follow-up, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 2048 women aged 20-81 year from SHIP-START and 1730 women aged 33-37 year from WENDY. The low serum PRL threshold was derived at 2.60 ng/mL for premenopausal women and 2.29 ng/mL in women of all ages from SHIP-START, and 4.84 ng/mL in WENDY. These thresholds were not far off from that previously identified in men (3 ng/mL). In SHIP-START, we further found that compared to PRL levels of 5.0-34.9 ng/mL, lower PRL level were more commonly associated with type-2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome at baseline. Moreover, after a median of 12 year of follow-up (IQR = 6.9-15.8 year), the risk of developing myocardial infarction was greater in women with PRL < 2.30 ng/mL (SHIP-START criteria): adjusted hazard ratio = 4.19 (95% CI: 1.74-10.12), and in women with PRL < 3 ng/mL (EMAS criteria): hazard ratio = 2.74 (95% CI: 1.44-5.21).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our data suggests that a serum PRL level lower than 3 ng/mL could be adopted for identifying PRL-associated cardiometabolic disease in both sexes.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":11884,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"European Journal of Endocrinology\",\"volume\":\" \",\"pages\":\"662-670\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":5.3000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-04-30\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"European Journal of Endocrinology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejendo/lvaf101\",\"RegionNum\":1,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"European Journal of Endocrinology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejendo/lvaf101","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM","Score":null,"Total":0}
The relationship between hypoprolactinemia and cardiometabolic health in women.
Background: An evidence-based definition for the lower reference limit of serum prolactin (PRL) is lacking. We recently examined the European Male Ageing Study (EMAS) data and derive a threshold set at 3.0 ng/mL for hypoprolactinemia in men. Here, we identified the lower reference limit for PRL in women.
Methods: We used data from the Study of Health of Pomerania (SHIP-START, Germany, discovery cohort), and the Women's Health Study (WENDY, Finland, validation cohort). The two-sigma empirical rule was applied to obtain a threshold at 2.5% of the log10 PRL distribution. Logistic and Cox regressions were used to examine the association between PRL and cardiometabolic outcomes at baseline and follow-up, respectively.
Results: There were 2048 women aged 20-81 year from SHIP-START and 1730 women aged 33-37 year from WENDY. The low serum PRL threshold was derived at 2.60 ng/mL for premenopausal women and 2.29 ng/mL in women of all ages from SHIP-START, and 4.84 ng/mL in WENDY. These thresholds were not far off from that previously identified in men (3 ng/mL). In SHIP-START, we further found that compared to PRL levels of 5.0-34.9 ng/mL, lower PRL level were more commonly associated with type-2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome at baseline. Moreover, after a median of 12 year of follow-up (IQR = 6.9-15.8 year), the risk of developing myocardial infarction was greater in women with PRL < 2.30 ng/mL (SHIP-START criteria): adjusted hazard ratio = 4.19 (95% CI: 1.74-10.12), and in women with PRL < 3 ng/mL (EMAS criteria): hazard ratio = 2.74 (95% CI: 1.44-5.21).
Conclusions: Our data suggests that a serum PRL level lower than 3 ng/mL could be adopted for identifying PRL-associated cardiometabolic disease in both sexes.
期刊介绍:
European Journal of Endocrinology is the official journal of the European Society of Endocrinology. Its predecessor journal is Acta Endocrinologica.
The journal publishes high-quality original clinical and translational research papers and reviews in paediatric and adult endocrinology, as well as clinical practice guidelines, position statements and debates. Case reports will only be considered if they represent exceptional insights or advances in clinical endocrinology.
Topics covered include, but are not limited to, Adrenal and Steroid, Bone and Mineral Metabolism, Hormones and Cancer, Pituitary and Hypothalamus, Thyroid and Reproduction. In the field of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism we welcome manuscripts addressing endocrine mechanisms of disease and its complications, management of obesity/diabetes in the context of other endocrine conditions, or aspects of complex disease management. Reports may encompass natural history studies, mechanistic studies, or clinical trials.
Equal consideration is given to all manuscripts in English from any country.