Energy efficiency and carbon footprint assessment in artisanal and small-scale mining processing plants in Ecuador.

Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) plays a significant role in global mineral production, particularly in developing countries, providing employment and supporting local economies. However, ASM is characterized by high energy intensity, inefficient processing technologies, and a substantial carbon footprint, primarily driven by reliance on electricity and diesel-powered machinery. This study evaluates key energy indicators including Gross Energy Requirement, Energy Intensity Index, and CO₂ emissions to identify patterns and inefficiencies in energy consumption across ASM operations. Findings reveal that grinding processes account for the highest energy consumption, while electricity contributes over 99% of total energy usage, generating an average emission factor of 25.55 kg CO₂/GJ from 2019 to 2023. Diesel and GLP, though minor in contribution, remain critical sources of emissions. The analysis underscores the strong correlation between energy intensity and CO₂ emissions, highlighting the environmental impact of operational inefficiencies. Recommendations include adopting energy-efficient technologies, optimizing energy management systems, and enhancing regulatory frameworks to reduce energy consumption and minimize the sector's carbon footprint. This study provides actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to balance economic benefits with environmental sustainability in ASM practices.