Exploring the Gut-Brain Axis: Microbiome Contributions to Pathophysiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Potential Therapeutic Strategies.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity, significantly impacting individuals' daily functioning and quality of life. This manuscript explores the intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and ADHD, emphasizing the role of the gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication pathway linking the central nervous system (CNS) and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The composition of gut microbiota influences several physiological processes, including immune function, metabolism, and the production of neuroactive metabolites, which are critical for cognitive functions such as memory and decision-making. The review discusses alternative therapeutic options, including dietary modifications, synbiotics, and specific diets like the ketogenic diet, which may offer promising outcomes in managing ADHD symptoms. Further research is necessary to establish the efficacy and mechanisms of action of synbiotics and dietary interventions, despite preliminary studies suggesting their potential benefits. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the gut microbiome's impact on ADHD, highlighting the need for continued investigation into innovative treatment strategies that leverage the gut-brain connection.