评估各行业氮氧化物排放法规的可变性和一致性†

IF 2.8 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Lucy J. Webster, Alastair C. Lewis and Sarah J. Moller
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引用次数: 0

摘要

几十年来,燃烧产生的氮氧化物排放一直受到管制,高收入国家自1990年代以来报告的全国总量大幅减少。大多数关于排放的技术法规都是行业性的、特定于设备的,并使用与活动数据相一致的指标,例如每公里行驶的氮氧化物克数或每千牛顿推力的克数。因此,比较不同行业之间排放监管的相对严格程度并不简单。在这里,我们进行了一项监管评估,将所有主要的氮氧化物排放部门置于每千瓦时(g[NOx] kWh - 1)的共同克氮氧化物基线上,涵盖小至1千瓦至大于2吉瓦的设备。这一共同尺度有助于进行有意义的监管比较,并可能有助于为未来的政策决策提供信息。从每千瓦时的排放量来看,我们发现各行业之间的监管一致性很小,与乘用车和家用锅炉的排放相比,非道路移动机械(NRMM)、中燃装置(MCP)、海事和民用航空的监管限制更为宽松。对于具有相同标称额定功率的电器,这种差异可能很大;例如,反铲装载机的允许氮氧化物排放量是乘用车的4.3倍。不同行业的污染物排放透明度差异很大。由于商业敏感性和使用“最佳可用技术”的不太明确定义的原则,mcp和工业排放指令(IED)的数据不太容易获得。虽然电气化可能在长期内消除一些氮氧化物来源,但值得注意的是,这将发生在目前有更严格监管限制的行业(例如公路运输、家庭供暖)。监管更宽松的行业,如NRMM、mcp和航空,可能会保留燃烧系统,并将继续排放大量氮氧化物,除非采用低碳燃料,同时修订氮氧化物排放标准。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Evaluating the variability and consistency of NOx emission regulation between sectors†

The emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from combustion have been regulated for several decades with substantial reductions in national totals being reported in high-income countries since the 1990s. Most technical regulation on emissions is sectoral, appliance specific, and uses metrics aligned to activity data, for example grams of NOx per kilometre driven or grams per kilonewton thrust. It is not straightforward therefore to compare the relative stringency of emission regulation between sectors. Here we undertake a regulatory assessment placing all the key NOx emitting sectors onto a common grams of NOx per kilowatt hour (g[NOx] kWh−1) baseline, covering appliances as small as 1 kW to greater than 2 GW. This common scale facilitates meaningful regulatory comparisons and may help to inform future policy decisions. We find little regulatory consistency between sectors when viewed on a per kWh output basis, with non-road mobile machinery (NRMM), medium combustion plant (MCP), maritime and civil aviation having more permissive regulatory limits when compared to emissions from passenger cars and domestic boilers. This difference can be large for appliances with the same nominal power rating; for example, the allowable NOx emissions for a backhoe loader are 4.3 times higher than those for a passenger car. Transparency in pollutant emissions varies considerably between sectors. Data from MCPs and the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) are less accessible due to commercial sensitivities and the use of less definitively defined principles of ‘Best Available Techniques’. Whilst electrification is likely in the long-term to eliminate some NOx sources, it is notable that this will be in sectors that currently have more stringent regulatory limits (e.g. road transport, domestic heating). More permissively regulated sectors such as NRMM, MCPs and aviation are likely to retain combustion systems and will continue to emit substantial NOx unless the adoption of low carbon fuel is accompanied by revision of NOx emission standards.

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CiteScore
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