A review of the application of fibrous nano-silica (KCC-1) as nanocatalysts in the preparation of heterocyclic ring frameworks

Fibrous nano-silica (KCC-1) has emerged as a superior nanocatalyst support due to its high surface area, fibrous morphology, and enhanced accessibility. Its unique structural properties enable the development of efficient, eco-friendly metal-based nanocatalysts, which are instrumental in synthesizing biologically critical heterocyclic compounds. Traditionally, the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds has relied heavily on homogeneous metal catalysts, such as palladium or copper salts, which often require harsh conditions and toxic solvents and are difficult to recover or reuse. These systems, while effective, suffer from several drawbacks, including catalyst deactivation, limited selectivity, environmental concerns due to metal waste, and high operational costs. Current research focuses on leveraging KCC-1-supported metal nanoparticles for green, cost-effective, and scalable methods, addressing catalytic efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability challenges. This review highlights recent advancements in KCC-1 applications for heterocyclic frameworks and outlines future directions in developing high-performance, reusable catalytic systems for pharmaceutical and organic synthesis demands.