Green formulation of iron nanoparticles by Panicum repens extract for the treatment of gestational diabetes and hepatotoxicity by following the biochemical and stereological parameters

Diabetes is a complex, long-term illness that is becoming more and more commonplace globally. Over the next ten years, it is anticipated that the growing number of older people will lead to a significant rise in the demand for medical services, placing further pressure on healthcare systems worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Today's society prioritizes on the efficient management and treatment of diabetes and its associated consequences. Once diabetic problems arise, they often persist and can be difficult to control adequately. Given the current health crisis, nanotechnology has become a viable strategy to treat several diabetes-related problems. Researchers have recently become more interested in using nanotechnology to study the consequences of diabetes, especially in the areas of prevention and therapy. The effect of Panicum repens on iron nanoparticles (FeNPs), which have shown notable antidiabetic effects in both controlled laboratory settings and biological systems, was investigated in this work. We used a variety of techniques to follow the FeNPs effectiveness through the interaction of Panicum repens stabilized iron salt solutions. The results of the FE-SEM image indicated the spherical morphology of nanoparticles in a size range of 10–60 nm. With diameters ranging from 10 to 60 nm, the spherical FeNPs were created. In the in vivo investigation, streptozotocin was administered intraperitoneally to rats to produce gestational diabetes mellitus. The four groups were the normal pregnancy group, the gestational diabetes mellitus group (n = 10), the iron nanoparticles-60 μg/kg group, and the iron nanoparticles-120 μg/kg group. For 25 days, iron nanoparticles were administered intragastrically. The sub-compartment liver volume was calculated after the tissues were processed and 5 μm slices of the liver were created. Iron nanoparticles reduced the elevated AST and ALP enzyme levels. When iron nanoparticles were administered to rats with gestational diabetes, their blood glucose levels decreased. Hepatocytes and sinusoids grew significantly in size when streptozotocin was administered. However, a significant drop in their volume was noted after treatment with a high dosage of iron nanoparticles. On the other hand, there was no difference in the experimental groups' bile duct and portal vein sizes. However, iron nanoparticles caused changes in the volume of the central vein and hepatic arteries. The current study demonstrates the hepatoprotective and antidiabetic qualities of iron nanoparticles, indicating that they may be used as an additional strategy to prevent gestational diabetes mellitus while providing liver protection.