Palladium nanoparticles supported over the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as an efficient nanocatalyst for carbon-carbon Ullman homocoupling reactions and treatment of human steosarcoma

Palladium (Pd) nanoparticles decoated over the magnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, mediated by Pomegranate peel extract as stabilizing and reducing agent. The resulting nanocatalyst was extensively characterized using various advanced techniques, including FE-SEM, EDX, TEM and ICP-OES. The catalytic performance of the Pd/Fe₃O₄ nanocatalyst was investigated in the synthesis of wide range of biaryls following Ullmann homocoupling method. In all the reactions outstanding results were obtained except for chloroarenes and the sterically hindered substrates. The catalyst robustness and heterogeneity was determined by hot filtration test and it could be reused for 8 successive cycles without any significant loss in activity. Pd/Fe₃O₄ magnetite nanoparticles caused a decrease in the osteosarcoma cells viability. Pd/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite' IC₅₀ values against the cell lines CADO-ES1, MHH-ES1, and HOS were 117, 175, and 112 µg/mL, respectively. Pd/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite' antioxidant activity was checked using the DPPH examination. The IC₅₀ value indicated that the Pd/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite exhibited considerable antioxidant activity. Recent nanoparticles technology appears to have anti-human osteosarcoma properties because of its antioxidant properties.