Assessment of heavy metal ion toxicity in wastewater: A comprehensive review

There can be no life on Earth apart from water. Water quality has declined due to many human activities, such as swift commercialization, rapid population growth, a lack of systematic urban planning, and the improper utilization of available resources from nature. This study evaluates the presence and toxicity of heavy metal ions in wastewater, aiming to understand the environmental and public health risks associated with industrial discharge and urban runoff. The main causes of the perturbing rate of water pollution are the release of industrial wastewater. Humans have steadily discharged a vast array of organic and inorganic pollutants into ecosystems. The detrimental effects of heavy metal ions (viz., Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn and Ar, and Hg) on ecosystems and animals have led to their classification as a priority pollution category by Environmental Protection Agency. More than 4000 kg/m³ of atomic densities of metal and metalloids are considered as Heavy metals. The presence of these toxic metals poses substantial risks to human health, including potential damage to the nervous system, kidneys, and other vital organs, as well as detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems. Heavy metals pose a significant environmental threat due to their persistence and propensity to accumulate in various stable forms within ecosystems. Unlike organic pollutants, heavy metals are non-biodegradable and can remain in the environment for extended periods, led to long-term ecological and health impacts worldwide. The study underscores the urgent need for regular monitoring and effective treatment of industrial wastewater to mitigate heavy metal pollution. Implementing stringent waste management practices and adopting advanced remediation technologies are crucial steps toward safeguarding environmental and public health. This study underscores the need for enhanced wastewater treatment strategies and stricter regulatory enforcement to mitigate heavy metal pollution and safeguard aquatic ecosystems and human health.