Association between commute time and loneliness: An analysis based on 2023 Seoul survey data

Introduction

Loneliness is an increasing public health concern, impacting both mental and physical health, including cardiovascular disease and mortality. Long commutes contribute to greater job strain, fatigue, and decreased satisfaction and happiness. These long commutes may also be a contributing factor to loneliness. This study explores the relationship between commute time and loneliness in Seoul.

Methods

Data were used from the 2023 Seoul survey, involving 24,278 workers. Loneliness was measured using two questions regarding relationships with family and non-family members. Commute time was categorized into three groups: ≤30 min, 31–60 min, and >60 min. Logistic regression was used to analyze associations between commute time and loneliness, controlling for sociodemographic factors, occupation, commute mode, and living alone.

Results

Longer commute times (>60 min) were significantly associated with higher risk of loneliness in relationships with both family members (OR 1.49, 95 % CI: 1.17–1.89) and non-family members (OR 1.36, 95 % CI: 1.08–1.71). When stratified by transport mode, only private commuters showed a significantly increased risk of loneliness, while active and public commuters did not. Commuters living alone were particularly vulnerable to loneliness when commute times exceeded 60 min.

Conclusions

Longer commute times, especially over 60 min, increase the risk of loneliness, with private transport and those living alone being most vulnerable. Urban planning and policies should aim to reduce commute times and encourage social participation, particularly for people at higher risk of isolation.