The evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of Acorus calamus L. ethanolic extract on ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma in mice

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Asthma is a protracted respiratory condition typified by inflammation of the airways, increased bronchial reactivity, and recurrent episodes of wheezing and breathlessness. Stimulation of immune cells in the airways releases inflammatory mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes, and cytokines, leading to bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production, and airway inflammation.

Aim of the study

Traditional medicine manuscripts mention that the rhizome extract of the Acorus calamus is beneficial for shortness of breath and cough. Recent studies have confirmed its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The research assessed the potential anti-inflammatory properties of the Acorus calamus in mice models of allergic asthma triggered by ovalbumin.

Materials and methods

The mice were sensitized on days 1, 14, and 21 to 23 with Ovalbumin (OVA). Dexamethasone (3 mg/kg) or Acorus calamus (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage on days 15–23. On day 25, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF) and blood, and Lung tissue were collected.

Results

Treatment with Acorus calamus extract significantly decreased inflammatory cells (neutrophil, eosinophil, macrophage, lymphocyte) numbers and Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and levels in BALF and reduced total Immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in serum and Nitric Oxide (NO) in lung tissue—also, significantly enhanced Interferon-γ (INF-γ) levels in BALF. Histological examination of the lung with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Periodic Acid-Schiff, and Trichrome Masson staining demonstrated that Acorus calamus significantly attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration and mucus-producing goblet cells in the lung.

Conclusion

The results indicate that Acorus calamus exerts anti-inflammatory effects in allergic asthma and may hold potential as an innovative treatment option for allergic bronchial asthma.