A systematic review of quantum machine learning for digital health

The growth in digitization of health data provides opportunities for using algorithmic techniques for data analysis. This systematic review assesses whether quantum machine learning (QML) algorithms outperform existing classical methods for clinical decisioning or health service delivery. Included studies use electronic health/medical records, or reasonable proxy data, and QML algorithms designed for quantum computing hardware. Databases PubMed, Embase, IEEE, Scopus, and preprint server arXiv were searched for studies dated 01/01/2015–10/06/2024. Of an initial 4915 studies, 169 were eligible, with 123 then excluded for insufficient rigor. Only 16 studies consider realistic operating conditions involving quantum hardware or noisy simulations. We find nearly all encountered quantum models form a subset of general QML structures. Scalability of data encoding is partly addressed but requires restrictive hardware assumptions. Overall, performance differentials between quantum and classical algorithms show no consistent trend to support empirical quantum utility in digital health.