Global COVID-19 vaccination challenges: Inequity of access and vaccine hesitancy

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019 led to a global pandemic, exacerbating healthcare inequities and necessitating unprecedented international responses. This commentary examines the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic, emphasizing vaccine development milestones, global disparities in vaccine distribution, and factors contributing to low vaccine uptake. By early 2020, international efforts, including mRNA vaccine development and initiatives such as Operation Warp Speed, demonstrated the rapidity of scientific innovation. However, global vaccine disparities highlighted inequities in healthcare infrastructure and access, particularly in developing nations. Challenges such as cold chain logistics, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and domination of vaccine supplies by wealthier nations created significant barriers to equitable distribution. Initiatives like COVAX and collaborations with organizations such as the Serum Institute of India sought to address these inequities, underscoring the importance of global partnerships. Despite the proven efficacy of vaccines in preventing severe illness and hospitalization, global vaccination rates remain suboptimal, with only 67 % of the world’s population fully vaccinated by December 2023. Vaccine hesitancy and inequity, driven by systemic healthcare challenges and geopolitical factors, continue to impede efforts to curb the pandemic. This commentary aims to analyze the complex interplay of these factors and evaluate strategies to improve vaccine uptake. By understanding the barriers faced during the COVID-19 pandemic, this also seeks to inform more effective public health interventions and preparedness strategies for future global health crises.