Stephen Shovlin , Leonie S. Young , Damir Varešlija
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Hormonal and neuronal interactions shaping the brain metastatic microenvironment
Metastatic progression drives the majority of cancer-related fatalities, and involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) poses especially formidable challenges to patients and clinicians. Brain metastases (BrM), commonly originate from lung, breast and melanoma cancers, and carry disproportionately poor outcomes. Although therapeutic advances have extended survival for many extracranial tumors, BrM incidence continues to climb—underscoring critical knowledge gaps in understanding the unique biology of tumor colonization in the CNS. While definitive evidence remains limited, a growing focus on cancer neuroscience—especially regarding hormone dependent cancer cells in the brain—has begun to reveal that factors normally regulated by sex steroids and neurosteroids may similarly influence the specialized metastatic microenvironment in the CNS. Steroid hormones can permeate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or be synthesized de novo by astrocytes and other CNS-resident cells, potentially influencing processes such as inflammation, synaptic plasticity, and immune surveillance. However, how these hormonal pathways are co-opted by disseminated cancer cells remains unclear. Here, we review the complex hormonal landscape of the adult brain and examine how neuroendocrine–immune interactions, often regulated by sex hormones, may support metastatic growth. We discuss the interplay between systemic hormones, local steroidogenesis, and tumor adaptation to identify novel therapeutic opportunities.
期刊介绍:
Cancer Letters is a reputable international journal that serves as a platform for significant and original contributions in cancer research. The journal welcomes both full-length articles and Mini Reviews in the wide-ranging field of basic and translational oncology. Furthermore, it frequently presents Special Issues that shed light on current and topical areas in cancer research.
Cancer Letters is highly interested in various fundamental aspects that can cater to a diverse readership. These areas include the molecular genetics and cell biology of cancer, radiation biology, molecular pathology, hormones and cancer, viral oncology, metastasis, and chemoprevention. The journal actively focuses on experimental therapeutics, particularly the advancement of targeted therapies for personalized cancer medicine, such as metronomic chemotherapy.
By publishing groundbreaking research and promoting advancements in cancer treatments, Cancer Letters aims to actively contribute to the fight against cancer and the improvement of patient outcomes.