The Effects of Illegal Wildlife Activities on Biodiversity in Few Selected African Countries

The African continent harbours a rich array of wildlife, crucial to the ecological balance and cultural heritage of the region. However, the detrimental impacts of illegal wildlife activities pose a significant threat to the biodiversity of Africa, endangering numerous species and disrupting fragile ecosystems. Therefore, this systematic review aims to (i) examine the impacts of illegal wildlife activities on biodiversity, ecosystems and local communities; (ii) assess key drivers and trends over the past decade; and (iii) evaluate the effectiveness of conservation strategies while proposing integrated interventions. By analysing peer-reviewed literature (2013–2022), the review showed the significant ecological, social and economic consequences of these activities on conservation. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, the review applied rigorous inclusion criteria, ensuring methodological integrity. Relevant studies were sourced from SCOPUS, with article screening and data extraction conducted via CADIMA, underlining the comprehensive approach to assessing biodiversity threats. The review highlights the interconnected impacts of illegal wildlife activities on biodiversity, emphasising the need for stronger law enforcement, community involvement and international cooperation. It identifies knowledge gaps and calls for holistic interventions addressing both ecological and social aspects to protect Africa's biodiversity and promote sustainable coexistence. Despite a decrease in these activities over the past decade, continued efforts in law enforcement, community involvement and international cooperation are crucial. A comprehensive approach, integrating stricter regulations and sustainable economic alternatives, is essential to protect biodiversity and support local communities.