A review on the role of duckweed (Lemna spp.) in the rejuvenation of aquatic bodies by pollutant remediation and recovery of valuable resources

Duckweed (Lemna species) is a group of fast-growing aquatic plants, widely recognized for its potential to restore polluted water bodies and recover valuable resources. The present review focused on the ecological importance of Lemna spp. in addressing ongoing environmental challenges. In order to obtain the relevant data, a literature search was conducted using the online database (Scopus), covering the period from 2015 to 2024. It has been observed that Lemna spp. has capabilities in nutrient assimilation, sequestering nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals, and emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals and pesticides. Also, the plant’s biomass, generated during remediation, is a valuable resource for bioenergy, animal feed, and biofertilizer production, thereby contributing to the circular economy. However, several challenges remain significant, such as variations in environmental conditions, logistical barriers, and biomass disposal concerns. Integrating Lemna spp.-based systems into water management strategies aligns with global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to clean water, sustainable urban development, and climate change mitigation. Empirical studies from regions like India, China, and the USA indicated its socio-economic and environmental benefits. Thus, the present review article focused on its role in pollutant remediation, resource recovery, and potential for sustainable water resource management.