{"title":"评估加纳道路车辆的燃油经济性和尾气排放","authors":"Godwin Kafui Ayetor , Joshua Dugbenu , Adilah Ahmed Duah , Clinton Adewe , Eugene Asare Agyei , Emmanuel Affenyi , Gyewohene Manfred Peasah , Timothy Tettey Nartey","doi":"10.1016/j.aftran.2025.100040","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In 2024, Ghana ranked among the top 40 countries worldwide with the highest levels of particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution. Many of the metallic components and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of PM 2.5 are attributed to traffic exhaust. This study determined the fuel economy, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions of different categories of vehicles numbered 2530 in Ghana. Their contribution to the share of vehicle pollution is determined to aid policy decisions in pollution abatement. Fuel economy in liter gasoline-equivalent (Lge) was determined through onsite testing and surveys. Emission analysis was conducted with an exhaust gas analyzer. The difference between the real world (6 Lge/100 km) and standard fuel economy (9 Lge/100 km) of the vehicle fleet in Ghana was 50 %. Internal combustion engine (ICE) motorcycles had a fuel economy of 4.6 Lge/100 km for the city and 4.4 Lge/100 for rural areas, while electric motorcycle fuel economy was determined as 0.8 Lge/100 km. The electric tricycles recorded a real-world fuel economy of 1.9 Lge/100 km compared to 5.1 Lge/100 km for ICE tricycles. Light-duty ICE vehicles and their electric version had 9.1 and 2.04 Lge/100 km of real-world fuel economy, respectively. Trucks had the highest average fuel economy of 50 Lge/100 km, followed by commercial buses (42 Lge/100 km), minibusses (28 Lge/100 km), and light-duty vehicles (9.1 Lge/100 km), respectively. The electrification of Ghana's vehicle fleet would ensure an annual emission savings of 13.92 MtCO2e, reducing Ghana's total emissions by half. Diesel-fueled cars had the highest NOx emissions. However, smaller vehicles such as motorcycles and tricycles should be targeted to improve air quality because of their high CO and HC emissions. Motorcycle HC emissions were 2.6 times those of light-duty vehicles, 11.3 times those of minibusses, 23.6 times that of trucks, and 27.2 times that of commercial buses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100058,"journal":{"name":"African Transport Studies","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100040"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Assessing fuel economy and tailpipe emissions of road vehicles in Ghana\",\"authors\":\"Godwin Kafui Ayetor , Joshua Dugbenu , Adilah Ahmed Duah , Clinton Adewe , Eugene Asare Agyei , Emmanuel Affenyi , Gyewohene Manfred Peasah , Timothy Tettey Nartey\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.aftran.2025.100040\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>In 2024, Ghana ranked among the top 40 countries worldwide with the highest levels of particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution. Many of the metallic components and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of PM 2.5 are attributed to traffic exhaust. This study determined the fuel economy, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions of different categories of vehicles numbered 2530 in Ghana. Their contribution to the share of vehicle pollution is determined to aid policy decisions in pollution abatement. Fuel economy in liter gasoline-equivalent (Lge) was determined through onsite testing and surveys. Emission analysis was conducted with an exhaust gas analyzer. The difference between the real world (6 Lge/100 km) and standard fuel economy (9 Lge/100 km) of the vehicle fleet in Ghana was 50 %. Internal combustion engine (ICE) motorcycles had a fuel economy of 4.6 Lge/100 km for the city and 4.4 Lge/100 for rural areas, while electric motorcycle fuel economy was determined as 0.8 Lge/100 km. The electric tricycles recorded a real-world fuel economy of 1.9 Lge/100 km compared to 5.1 Lge/100 km for ICE tricycles. Light-duty ICE vehicles and their electric version had 9.1 and 2.04 Lge/100 km of real-world fuel economy, respectively. Trucks had the highest average fuel economy of 50 Lge/100 km, followed by commercial buses (42 Lge/100 km), minibusses (28 Lge/100 km), and light-duty vehicles (9.1 Lge/100 km), respectively. The electrification of Ghana's vehicle fleet would ensure an annual emission savings of 13.92 MtCO2e, reducing Ghana's total emissions by half. Diesel-fueled cars had the highest NOx emissions. However, smaller vehicles such as motorcycles and tricycles should be targeted to improve air quality because of their high CO and HC emissions. Motorcycle HC emissions were 2.6 times those of light-duty vehicles, 11.3 times those of minibusses, 23.6 times that of trucks, and 27.2 times that of commercial buses.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":100058,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"African Transport Studies\",\"volume\":\"3 \",\"pages\":\"Article 100040\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-01-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"African Transport Studies\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950196225000183\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"African Transport Studies","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950196225000183","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
Assessing fuel economy and tailpipe emissions of road vehicles in Ghana
In 2024, Ghana ranked among the top 40 countries worldwide with the highest levels of particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution. Many of the metallic components and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of PM 2.5 are attributed to traffic exhaust. This study determined the fuel economy, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions of different categories of vehicles numbered 2530 in Ghana. Their contribution to the share of vehicle pollution is determined to aid policy decisions in pollution abatement. Fuel economy in liter gasoline-equivalent (Lge) was determined through onsite testing and surveys. Emission analysis was conducted with an exhaust gas analyzer. The difference between the real world (6 Lge/100 km) and standard fuel economy (9 Lge/100 km) of the vehicle fleet in Ghana was 50 %. Internal combustion engine (ICE) motorcycles had a fuel economy of 4.6 Lge/100 km for the city and 4.4 Lge/100 for rural areas, while electric motorcycle fuel economy was determined as 0.8 Lge/100 km. The electric tricycles recorded a real-world fuel economy of 1.9 Lge/100 km compared to 5.1 Lge/100 km for ICE tricycles. Light-duty ICE vehicles and their electric version had 9.1 and 2.04 Lge/100 km of real-world fuel economy, respectively. Trucks had the highest average fuel economy of 50 Lge/100 km, followed by commercial buses (42 Lge/100 km), minibusses (28 Lge/100 km), and light-duty vehicles (9.1 Lge/100 km), respectively. The electrification of Ghana's vehicle fleet would ensure an annual emission savings of 13.92 MtCO2e, reducing Ghana's total emissions by half. Diesel-fueled cars had the highest NOx emissions. However, smaller vehicles such as motorcycles and tricycles should be targeted to improve air quality because of their high CO and HC emissions. Motorcycle HC emissions were 2.6 times those of light-duty vehicles, 11.3 times those of minibusses, 23.6 times that of trucks, and 27.2 times that of commercial buses.
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