基于碎球注入的ITER低温分配系统设计

IF 1.9 3区工程技术 Q1 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Fusion Engineering and Design Pub Date : 2025-04-24 DOI:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2025.115116

S. Giors , F. Adong , O. Barana , A. Barturen Montes , F. Dhalla , S. Jachmich , V. Kulaev , U. Kruezi , N. Luchier , J. Manzagol , F. Millet , M. Parekh , A. Rizzato

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引用次数: 0

摘要

ITER托卡马克将配备一个机器保护系统，以避免或减轻在等离子体中断时对其容器内组件的损坏。干扰缓解系统（DMS）将基于向等离子体中注入由氢、氖或其混合物制成的破碎颗粒（SPI），将等离子体能量转化为辐射，同时避免失控电子的形成或耗散能量，并通过控制等离子体电流猝灭来最小化电磁负载。为了达到减少干扰的要求并满足ITER研究计划的脉冲速率，DMS低温分布系统（CDS）应通过超临界氦（SHe）冷却冷室（CC）内的气体在≈1200秒（20分钟）内对氢气进行脱热，形成直径为28.5毫米，长度为57毫米且完整性良好的圆柱形球团，并在几个等离子体脉冲中保持其可用性。DMS CDS在设计后期被集成到ITER基线中，有限的SHe冷却能力与真空容器、低温恒温器和中性束注入器的低温泵并行提供。介绍了7个专用于DMS赤道和上部端口位置的冷分配箱（cdb），每个都配备了焦耳-汤普森（JT）膨胀阀和液氦容器，在~ 5 K的稳定温度下提供27 cc的SHe流，用于颗粒形成和保存。通过脱升华数值模拟和实验来支持CC设计，以优化球团形状和完整性，并最大限度地减少CC冷却要求，以便在可接受的时间内形成球团。低温系统的设计旨在最大限度地减少热损失，同时考虑到非常具有挑战性的环境（磁场、核、地震）和复杂的集成要求。在2024年的最终设计评审之后，本文介绍了DMS CDS的描述，重点介绍了CFD模型和实验室实验支持的CC新颖设计。

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Design of the cryogenic distribution system for the ITER disruption mitigation based on shattered pellet injection

The ITER tokamak will be equipped with a machine protection system to avoid or mitigate the damage to its in-vessel components in the event of plasma disruptions. The Disruption Mitigation System (DMS) will be based on Injection of Shattered Pellets (SPI) made of hydrogen, neon or their mixtures into the plasma, to convert the plasma energy into radiation while avoiding the formation or dissipate the energy of runaway electrons and to minimize the electromagnetic loads by controlling the plasma current quench.

To achieve the disruption mitigation requirements and fulfill the pulse rate for the ITER Research Plan, the DMS Cryogenic Distribution System (CDS) shall form cylindrical pellets with a diameter of 28.5 mm, a length of 57 mm and good integrity, by de-sublimation of gases inside a Supercritical helium (SHe) cooled Cold Cell (CC), in ≈1200 s (20 min) for hydrogen, and maintain their availability over several plasma pulses.

The DMS CDS was integrated into the ITER baseline at a late design stage, with limited SHe cooling capacity supplied in parallel to the cryopumps for vacuum vessel, cryostat and neutral beam injectors. Seven Cold Distribution Boxes (CDBs) dedicated to the DMS equatorial and upper port locations were introduced, each equipped with a Joule-Thompson (JT) expansion valve and a liquid helium vessel, to supply the SHe flow to 27 CCs at a stable temperature of ∼5 K for pellet formation and preservation. The CC design was supported by de-sublimation numerical modelling and experiments to optimize the pellet shape and integrity and to minimize the CC cooling requirement to form pellets within an acceptable time. The cryogenic system design aimed at minimizing heat losses while considering the very challenging environmental (magnetic field, nuclear, seismic) and complex integration requirements.

This paper presents the DMS CDS description, following the final design review in 2024, focusing on the CC novel design supported by CFD models and laboratory experiments.

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来源期刊

Fusion Engineering and Design 工程技术-核科学技术

CiteScore

3.50

自引率

23.50%

发文量

275

审稿时长

3.8 months

期刊介绍： The journal accepts papers about experiments (both plasma and technology), theory, models, methods, and designs in areas relating to technology, engineering, and applied science aspects of magnetic and inertial fusion energy. Specific areas of interest include: MFE and IFE design studies for experiments and reactors; fusion nuclear technologies and materials, including blankets and shields; analysis of reactor plasmas; plasma heating, fuelling, and vacuum systems; drivers, targets, and special technologies for IFE, controls and diagnostics; fuel cycle analysis and tritium reprocessing and handling; operations and remote maintenance of reactors; safety, decommissioning, and waste management; economic and environmental analysis of components and systems.