Leveraging GIS and SfM photogrammetry for monitoring and risk assessment of rock art sites

The application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in archaeology, particularly in approaches to rock art, has significantly enhanced the analysis and management of these cultural heritage sites. GIS tools facilitate the mapping of rock art territories, assessment of land relief, identification of mobility patterns and evaluation of conservation issues. Recent developments have also integrated GIS with 3D modeling to enhance the visualisation of painted art. This paper assesses the efficacy of GIS and photogrammetry-based techniques as a diagnostic tool for the detection and monitoring of physical alterations in rock art sites, such as rockfalls and fractures, which could compromise the structural integrity of the art and the safety of the site. The methodology combines Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) generated through photogrammetry to track surface changes, offering a non-invasive means of monitoring rock integrity over time. This approach is designed to inform preservation strategies, identify and quantify deterioration, and mitigate risks to both the heritage and visitors, thereby contributing to the long-term conservation of rock art sites.