Securing the Road Ahead: A Survey on Internet of Vehicles Security Powered by a Conceptual Blockchain-Based Intrusion Detection System for Smart Cities

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a critical component of the smart city. Various nodes exchange sensitive data for urban mobility, such as identification, position, messages, speed, and traffic statistics. Along with developing smart cities come threats to privacy and security through networks. Security is of the highest priority, considering various security-privacy risks from the wellness, safety, and confidentiality of men and women inside the vehicle. This survey presents a detailed analysis of state-of-the-art and evolving security challenges to IoV systems. It handles security challenges, such as data integrity and privacy. It also includes a critical review of the literature to identify gaps in current security mechanisms. It uses complete mathematical modeling and case studies to show the practical effectiveness of the proposed solutions. It aims to guide future development and implementation of more secure, efficient, and resilient IoV systems, particularly in smart city environments. It also introduces a novel Intrusion Detection System (IDS) with Artificial Intelligence (AI), smart contracts, and blockchain technology. These smart contracts ensure instant security with the utmost level of vulnerability through blockchain technology. In addition, we proposed a hybrid multi-layered framework using Fog to conserve the resources at the vehicle level. We used mathematical proof to assess this framework. Merging blockchain, smart contracts, and AI into IoVs could increase human security by removing significant vulnerabilities.