Modelling and analysis of temperature dependence of electrical conductivity considering the effect of electron leaps

The contribution of temperature variation to the electrical conductivity of metals, polymers, and composites is explored based on the Force-Heat Equivalent Energy Density Principle (FHEEDP). A theoretical model for temperature-dependent conductivity (TDC) is developed, which incorporates the effect of electron leaps. This model is validated by comparing the model predictions with experimental data from metals, polymers, and composites with different concentrations. The results show that the model can reasonably predict the conductivity of metals, polymers, and composites at various temperatures using easily accessible material parameters. The theoretical model enhances the understanding of how the gap in electron jumps affects the thermal excitation of materials across metals, polymers, and composites at different temperatures. It also provides a practical method for predicting the conductivity of materials under extreme conditions.