SPH Implementation of a Dynamic Hypoplastic Model for Seismic Large Deformation Analysis in Slopes

Accurate modeling of soil behavior under seismic conditions is critical for understanding and mitigating earthquake-induced hazards. In this study, the Dyna–Simhypo model, an enhanced hypoplastic framework incorporating the intergranular strain tensor, is integrated with smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method for the first time to simulate co-seismic large deformation processes of slopes. The model's performance is validated through cyclic triaxial tests, seismic wave propagation analysis, and large-scale seismic slope simulations. Compared to the original Simhypo model, it eliminates ratcheting and reliably captures shear modulus reduction, damping buildup, and progressive soil degradation under cyclic loading. These advancements enable precise site response evaluations and accurate slope instability predictions, offering a robust tool for seismic hazard assessment.