Stability and Large-Time Behavior on 3D Incompressible MHD Equations with Partial Dissipation Near a Background Magnetic Field

Physical experiments and numerical simulations have observed a remarkable stabilizing phenomenon: a background magnetic field stabilizes and dampens electrically conducting fluids. This paper intends to establish this phenomenon as a mathematically rigorous fact on a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) system with anisotropic dissipation in \(\mathbb R^3\). The velocity equation in this system is the 3D Navier–Stokes equation with dissipation only in the \(x_1\)-direction, while the magnetic field obeys the induction equation with magnetic diffusion in two horizontal directions. We establish that any perturbation near the background magnetic field (0, 1, 0) is globally stable in the Sobolev setting \(H^3({\mathbb {R}}^3)\). In addition, explicit decay rates in \(H^2({\mathbb {R}}^3)\) are also obtained. For when there is no presence of a magnetic field, the 3D anisotropic Navier–Stokes equation is not well understood and the small data global well-posedness in \(\mathbb R^3\) remains an intriguing open problem. This paper reveals the mechanism of how the magnetic field generates enhanced dissipation and helps to stabilize the fluid.