Comparative Analysis of Arch Vessel Revascularization Techniques in Proximal Arch Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair.

Objective: Endovascular stent-grafting extending into the ascending aorta (Zone 0) is increasingly used in the treatment of aortic arch disease. This study aims to evaluate the risk of stroke in patients undergoing Zone 0 arch thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) based on the technique used for head vessel revascularization.

Methods: Patients undergoing Zone 0 Arch TEVAR covering all the aortic arch vessels were identified in the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) between 2014 and 2023. Patients treated for aortic rupture or trauma were excluded. Head vessel revascularization techniques were classified into three groups: open revascularization (OR), endovascular revascularization (ER), and hybrid revascularization (HR). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association of head vessel revascularization technique with the primary outcomes of perioperative mortality and stroke.

Results: A total of 409 patients underwent Zone 0 Arch TEVAR covering all the aortic arch vessels, of which 50% (207/409) underwent OR, 20% (80/409) underwent ER, and 30% (122/409) underwent HR of the head vessels. The in-hospital mortality and stroke rates were 9% and 12% respectively. Survival at 30 days, 1 year, and 2 years were 88%, 79%, 74% respectively. Patients undergoing ER of the head vessels had significantly higher stroke compared to those undergoing OR and HR (OR 11%, ER 21%, HR 8%, p=0.02). ER was associated with a two-fold higher risk of perioperative stroke compared to OR (odds ratio = 2.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-4.30; p=0.03), whereas no difference in perioperative stroke was observed between OR and HR (p=0.40). While OR and HR of the head vessels had a significantly lower rate of perioperative stroke compared to ER in 2017-2020 (OR 10% vs ER 30% vs HR 10%, p=0.02), this difference diminished over time with no significant difference observed in the most recent interval (2021-2023) studied (OR 9% vs ER 12% vs HR 8%, p=0.76). Trends revealed an increase in the use of HR (from 4% in 2014 to 57% in 2023) alongside a significant decline in ER (from 39% in 2020 to 14% in 2023).

Conclusion: Stroke remains a significant concern during Zone 0 Arch TEVAR. Total endovascular repair of the aortic arch is associated with a greater than two-fold higher risk of stroke compared to open and hybrid revascularization of the head vessels. However, advances in ER techniques and increased use of hybrid strategies highlight an ongoing evolution toward safer and less invasive approaches resulting in a reduction in perioperative stroke rates over time.