Tangeretin modulates gut microbiota metabolism and macrophage immunity following fecal microbiota transplantation in obesity

Obesity, characterized by excessive body fat, is a leading preventable cause of death globally and represents one of the most critical public health challenges of the 21st century. This study aimed to investigate the action of tangeretin on gut microbiota metabolism and inflammation in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. A model of obesity was established using 6-week-old male C57BL/6J mice fed with HFD, which were then used for the treatment with tangeretin (20 mg/kg/mice/day) or antibiotic (Abx). The results showed that the tangeretin intervention alleviated fat deposition and disorder of cellular structural integrity in the model group. The obese mice showed a significant increase in the levels of lipid (glycerol, triglyceride, and total cholesterol), inflammatory factors (IL-6 and TNF-α), and F4/80 expression in both serum and adipose tissues. Following tangeretin treatment, the levels of lipid, inflammatory factors, and the ratio of F4/80 + CD206 + macrophages were decreased in both serum and adipose tissue. 16S rRNA sequencing and LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that tangeretin decreased obesity in HFD-induced obese mice by interacting with gut microbiota, particularly influencing Parabacteroides, Blautia, and Parasutterella, and amino acids such as threonine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, arginine, glutamine, L-tryptophan, and tyrosine. Abx-mediated clearance of gut microbiota blocked the HFD-induced obesity and abrogated the therapeutic effects of tangeretin in obese mice. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) proved that clearing gut microbiota with Abx blocked the beneficial effects of FMT^{HFD+Tangeretin} intervention. These findings suggested that tangeretin improved HFD-induced obesity by regulating lipid metabolism and modulating F4/80 macrophage activation via gut microbiota.