Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for patients with atrial fibrillation: a narrative review.

The role of physical activity (i.e. any bodily movement that requires energy expenditure) and exercise (i.e. planned, structured, and repetitive physical activity to improve/maintain fitness) in the primary and secondary prevention of atrial fibrillation (AF) is increasingly recognized. Physical activity has been associated with lower risks to develop AF and associated complications (e.g. stroke, heart failure, and myocardial infarction). Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (ExCR) is increasingly examined in the treatment of AF and sometimes combined with rhythm control strategies (e.g. catheter ablation). Nonetheless, several important clinical, practical, and mechanistic questions remain not fully understood. This state-of-the-art review first provides a contemporary update on the evidence base for the clinical effects of ExCR in AF. Despite the ongoing need for high-quality studies, existing randomized controlled trials and cohort studies suggest ExCR reduces AF burden, lowers risks for major adverse cardiovascular events, and improves health-related quality of life. Second, to facilitate implementation of ExCR, we have observed comparable effects of distinct exercise protocols (e.g. type of training and centre-/home-based) and discussed similarity of effectiveness across patient characteristics (e.g. age, sex, and AF subtype). Critically, we have discussed potential barriers that may prohibit the uptake of ExCR for patients with AF, categorized at clinician- (e.g. referral and training), patient- (e.g. motivation, transportation, and psychosocial factors), and system-levels (e.g. insurance and resources). Third, we have summarized the potential mechanisms underlying these effects of ExCR, classified by their potential role in reducing AF burden (e.g. atrial/ventricular function, autonomic balance, and inflammation) and lowering risks for adverse events (e.g. modifiable risk factors, vascular function, and thrombogenesis). Based on the increasing evidence for clinical benefits, e.g. improved health-related quality of life and better clinical outcomes, we advocate stronger focus on regular physical activity and referral to multidisciplinary ExCR for sustainable lifestyle changes within the ESC AF-CARE pathway for the prevention and treatment of AF.