Multi-party authenticated quantum key agreement protocol based on d-level single-particle states

Identity authentication plays a crucial role in quantum key negotiation protocols, ensuring the authenticity and reliability of each other’s identities during the key negotiation process. Based on this requirement, using a quadratic hash function over a finite field, this paper proposes a multi-party quantum key negotiation protocol that can achieve identity authentication, allowing any number of participants to negotiate shared keys, and all participants have equal contributions to the final key. In the protocol, high-dimensional single-particle states are used as quantum resources, and participants encrypt their private keys with system keys based on location information. The encryption results are encoded in a sequence of quantum states and transmitted in a circular form, improving the efficiency of the protocol. Security analysis shows that this scheme has the ability to resist external and internal attacks.