[The 2040 Problem that Neurosurgeons Should Know].

Japan's healthcare system is undergoing significant transformations, driven by demographic shifts, with critical challenges anticipated in 2025 and 2040. The Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare is promoting regional medical care vision plans to restructure healthcare delivery across different administrative levels, addressing evolving medical demands and population changes. However, the implementation of these plans has been uneven, with many regions focusing primarily on reducing hospital beds rather than on effectively redistributing medical roles and functions. Time constraints have hindered meaningful discussions regarding comprehensive healthcare restructuring. The text illustrates these challenges through two case studies in the Fukuoka Prefecture: Fukuoka-Itoshima and Keichiku areas. These regions demonstrate contrasting demographic trajectories with significantly aging and declining working-age populations. Notably, the Fukuoka-Itoshima area anticipates a substantial increase in cerebrovascular disease hospitalizations, whereas Keichiku expects moderate changes. This analysis suggests that future neurosurgeons must be adaptable professionals capable of navigating clinical, management, and policy domains. By 2040, they should proactively develop strategies to address demographic changes and involve current medical trainees and students in strategic planning of the healthcare landscape.