Mitigating Microplastic Pollution in Urban Water Systems: A Global Overview With Governance Perspectives From Kerala State, India

Microplastic pollution has emerged as a critical global environmental issue, significantly impacting urban areas due to high population densities and intense human activities. Global plastic production surged from 1.5 million metric tons in 1950 to 413.8 million in 2023, exacerbating environmental contamination. In Kerala, India, microplastic pollution in urban ecosystems has escalated, affecting water bodies, soil, and marine biodiversity. This review explores the governance strategies and challenges in addressing urban microplastic pollution in Kerala, where plastic constitutes 4%–6% of municipal waste. Monsoon runoff and inadequate waste management exacerbate pollution, contributing to high microplastic concentrations in aquatic environments and marine organisms in Kerala. Findings from recent studies reveal elevated microplastic levels in lakes, coastal beaches, and seafood, highlighting the urgent need for improved waste management infrastructure, effective regulatory measures, and community engagement. The review also underscores the necessity of interdisciplinary research to better understand the sources, pathways, and impacts of microplastic contamination. Key recommendations include the adoption of robust regulatory frameworks, implementation of advanced monitoring technologies, and public education campaigns aimed at reducing plastic waste. By addressing these factors, the paper provides actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to develop effective strategies to combat microplastic pollution in Kerala's urban settings.