Innovations in epilepsy treatment: pharmacological strategies and machine learning applications.

Epilepsy remains a significant global health challenge, with a substantial portion of patients experiencing inadequate seizure control despite existing therapeutic options. This review aimed at exploring recent advances in critical areas that, in the authors' opinion, hold promise for improving epilepsy treatment outcomes. Our paper briefly discusses issues related to gene therapy, including recently initiated clinical trials using this technique. Additionally, we explore the utility of machine learning techniques in diagnostics and predicting responses to antiseizure treatment. Next, we present novel drug delivery routes, such as intranasal and transdermal systems, which provide alternative methods to enhance drug efficacy and minimise side effects. Finally, we briefly characterise new antiseizure medication (ASMs) introduced within the European Union in the last five years, as well as ASMs currently in phase III clinical trials. In summary, this review highlights the potential impact of innovative treatments and technologies on epilepsy management.