A comprehensive review of security vulnerabilities in heavy-duty vehicles: Comparative insights and current research gaps

The increasing connectivity and integration of advanced technologies in vehicular systems have amplified the need for robust cybersecurity measures, particularly in heavy-duty (HD) vehicles, which are crucial to commercial transportation. Despite their importance, HD vehicles have received less attention in cybersecurity research compared to light-duty (LD) vehicles, leaving critical vulnerabilities unaddressed. This paper aims to bridge this gap by conducting a thorough analysis of the unique security challenges faced by HD vehicles. By comparing HD vehicles with LD vehicles, we identify distinct and vulnerabilities in two key areas: intra-vehicle networks and external connections. The study includes a comprehensive literature review focused on the cybersecurity of heavy- and medium-duty vehicles, through which we identify prevalent threats and potential mitigation strategies. This analysis underscores the necessity for enhanced protocol security and advocates for a detailed examination of both intra-vehicle networks and external connections.