A mixed-methods approach for identifying high conservation value areas in the high-altitude landscapes of the Indian Himalayan region

High conservation values (HCVs) are a set of characteristics or attributes that are considered to be of exceptional significance for the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Himalayan ecosystems are under constant threat due to the high dependence of local communities on natural resources, illegal wildlife trade, extensive use of medicinal plants and infrastructural development. This study provides a framework for HCVs assessment in the high-altitude landscapes of Himalayan ecosystems. Demarcation of HCVs was carried out using six sub-categories: Species Diversity (HCV 1), Landscape Level Ecosystems (HCV 2), Threatened Ecosystems and Habitats (HCV 3), Ecosystem Services (HCV 4), Community Needs (HCV 5) and Cultural Values/Identity (HCV 6). We have used a weighted multi-model approach to identify the HCVs in three high-altitude landscapes, namely Changthang, Gangotri-Govind and Darma-Byans-Chaudans of the Indian Himalayan region. Species distribution model (SDM), fragstat models (FM), landscape change model (LCM), ecosystem loss model (ELM), ecotone demarcation model (EDM), soil loss model, forest fire susceptibility model and groundwater potential zone model have been used for assessing HCV 1 to 4. Household survey and participatory GIS have been used for assessing HCV 5 and 6. The final high-priority high conservation values areas (HPHCVAs) were successfully demarcated based on expert opinions, stakeholder consultations and Indigenous People and local community (IPLC) engagements from the identified 1–6 HCV layers in the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model. The study has identified 16 HPHCVAs in Changthang, 14 HPHCVAs in Gangotri-Govind and 9 HPHCVAs in the Darma-Byans-Chaudans landscape. These HPHCVAs represent areas within the landscapes that are critical for biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, community needs and cultural values. The identification and demarcation of these areas can guide conservation efforts and prioritise resource allocation for their protection and sustainable management. Steps should be taken for the conservation of HPHCVAs by engaging local stakeholders for future planning and management of HCVs.