Flexible multilayered ceramics: Engineering strength and resilience

While offering exceptional hardness and durability, traditional ceramics are inherently brittle, limiting their use in applications requiring flexibility and impact resistance. This study investigates the mechanical performance of soft, multilayered ceramics, focusing on how hexagonal tile size, adhesive interlayer thickness, and layer configuration influence flexural compliance, penetration resistance, and energy absorption. Using a precision digital laser manufacturing platform, industrial-grade alumina ceramic sheets were laser-cut into 2.5 mm and 5 mm hexagonal tiles, then laminated with adhesive layers to fabricate soft ceramic beams. Experimental results from 4-point bending and penetration tests reveal that smaller tile sizes and thinner adhesive layers enhance flexural compliance, achieving up to a 35 % improvement in flexibility compared to larger tiles and thicker adhesives. Conversely, larger tiles and thicker adhesives improve penetration resistance by up to 28 %, offering superior protection against localized impacts. Configurations featuring larger tiles and thicker adhesive layers also achieved a 42 % increase in energy absorption, demonstrating their ability to store more energy under localized forces. Failure modes varied across configurations, with smaller tiles predominantly exhibiting tilting failure while larger tiles fractured more uniformly under penetration loading. Compared to traditional ceramic armor and bioinspired nacre-like materials, the developed soft ceramics exhibit significantly higher weight-specific compliance while maintaining competitive penetration resistance and energy absorption. This novel integration of laser-cutting, adhesive bonding, and structural optimization enables the development of lightweight, durable, and flexible ceramics for personal protective equipment, aerospace, and automotive applications.