Global, regional and country-specific burden of chronic kidney disease due to type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic analysis of the 2021 global disease burden study

Aims

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects individual welfare, healthcare systems and societal progress. Of the multifaceted etiological factors, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a prominent contributor to CKD.

Materials and Methods

We analysed the global incidence, prevalence, deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) with age-standardised rates of CKD due to T1DM (CKD-T1DM) in 2021, stratified by subtype. We calculated the temporal trends in the infirmity burden from 1990 to 2019 using a linear regression model. The age-period-cohort (APC) and Bayesian APC models predicted the prospective burden over the next 25 years. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average and Exponential Smoothing models.

Results

Globally, there were 95 140 incidences, 6 295 711 prevalence cases, 94 020 deaths and 3 875 628 DALYs due to CKD-T1DM. Males and young-to-middle-aged individuals were more likely to be affected by CKD-T1DM. The middle-socio-demographic index regions were at higher risk. A considerable variation in disease burden was observed across the Global Burden of Disease super regions and countries. The number of patients with CKD-T1DM surged globally from 1990 to 2021. The projections indicated a continuous increase until 2046, driven by ageing populations and unmet therapeutic needs in low-resource settings.

Conclusions

CKD-T1DM poses a growing public health threat, necessitating region-specific strategies that address healthcare inequities, promote early screening and prioritise nephroprotective therapies among T1DM populations.