Evaluation of the bone-enhancing potential of calcium phosphate coatings with different morphologies on titanium surfaces under oxidative stress conditions

Calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings with varying morphologies were applied to the surface of titanium using an immersion method, and their anti-inflammatory and bone-enhancing properties were examined under oxidative stress (OS) conditions. The experimental results demonstrated that hydroxyapatite-treated titanium exhibits superior antioxidant capabilities compared to pure titanium. This improvement supports cell attachment, growth, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells by efficiently modulating the bone immune microenvironment. Meanwhile, the CaP coatings formed under different pH conditions show significant differences, with Ti–HAs demonstrating superior performance compared to Ti-HAp, especially under OS conditions.