Damaging Intermolecular Relaxation Processes Initiated by Heavy-Ion Irradiation of Hydrated Biomolecules

Intermolecular Coulombic decay (ICD) is considered a general phenomenon that plays a key role in many fundamental and applied fields related to biological environments. In many cases, however, the mechanisms and efficiency of ICD have yet to be uncovered. A prominent example is heavy-ion cancer therapy. Here, we report the first detection of a damaging intermolecular relaxation cascade initiated by heavy-ion bombardment of hydrated pyrimidine clusters. The process can significantly contribute to the high biological effectiveness of heavy-ion irradiation and thus might play an essential role in many radiotherapy techniques. Inner-valence ionization of the cluster initiates ICD and triggers proton transfer between water molecules, producing destructive low-energy electrons, HO• radicals, and hydrated protons. Notably, the efficiency of ICD was found to increase dramatically with the number of water molecules, making ICD the dominant decay mechanism after inner-valence ionization. These findings indicate that the biological damage, caused by ICD in aqueous environments, is much more severe than was previously recognized. Published by the American Physical Society 2025