Importance of neonatal screening: A case study of sickle cell disease and cystic fibrosis coexistence.

Background: Neonatal screening (NS) is a public health policy to identify genetic pathologies such as cystic fibrosis (CF), sickle cell disease, and other diseases. Sickle cell disease is the comprehensive term for a group of hemoglobinopathies characterized by the presence of hemoglobin S. CF is an autosomal recessive multisystemic disease with pathophysiology involving deleterious mutations in the transmembrane regulatory gene that encodes a protein that regulates the activity of chloride and sodium channels in the cell surface epithelium. NS is crucial for early diagnosis and management, which ensures a better quality of life.

Aim: To report a case of the coexistence of sickle cell anemia (SCA) and CF and perform an integrative literature review.

Methods: This is an observational study and a review of the literature focusing on two rare genetic pathologies identified simultaneously in NS from the perspective of a clinical case. The authors identified only 5 cases of SCA associated with CF. No clinical trials or review articles were identified considering the rarity of the coexistence of these two pathologies.

Results: Herein, the authors reported the case of a girl who after undergoing NS on day 8 of life was diagnosed with SCA with an alteration in the dosage of immunoreactive trypsin. The diagnosis of CF was confirmed by the Coulometry Sweat Test. The rarity of the co-occurrence of these two severe genetic pathologies (CF and SCA) is a challenge for medical science.

Conclusion: This study adds to the few case reports present in the literature that highlight the identification of two severe diseases via NS.