Discovery of Novel Protein-Coding and Long Non-coding Transcripts in Distinct Regions of the Human Brain

Recent improvements in the accuracy of long-read sequencing (LRS) technologies have expanded the scope for novel transcriptional isoform discovery. Additionally, these advancements have improved the precision of transcript quantification, enabling a more accurate reconstruction of complex splicing patterns and transcriptomes. Thus, this project aims to take advantage of these analytical developments for the discovery and analysis of RNA isoforms in the human brain. A set of novel transcript isoforms was compiled using three bioinformatic tools, quantifying their expression across eight replicates of the cerebellar hemisphere, five replicates of the frontal cortex, and six replicates of the putamen. By taking a subset of the novel isoforms consistent across all discovery methods, a set of 170 highly confident novel RNA isoforms was curated for downstream analysis. This set consisted of 104 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and 66 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) isoforms. The detailed structure, expression, and potential encoded proteins of novel mRNA isoform BambuTx321 have been further described as an exemplary representative. Additionally, the tissue-specific expression [mean counts per million (CPM) of 5.979] of novel lncRNA, BambuTx1299, in the cerebellar hemisphere was observed. Overall, this project has identified and annotated several novel RNA isoforms across diverse tissues of the human brain, providing insights into their expression patterns and investigating their potential functional roles. Thus, this project has contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of the brain’s transcriptomic landscape for applications in basic research.