Evaluation of genomic selection models using whole genome sequence data and functional annotation in Belgian Blue cattle

The availability of large cohorts of whole-genome sequenced individuals, combined with functional annotation, is expected to provide opportunities to improve the accuracy of genomic selection (GS). However, such benefits have not often been observed in initial applications. The reference population for GS in Belgian Blue Cattle (BBC) continues to grow. Combined with the availability of reference panels of sequenced individuals, it provides an opportunity to evaluate GS models using whole genome sequence (WGS) data and functional annotation. Here, we used data from 16,508 cows, with phenotypes for five muscular development traits and imputed at the WGS level, in combination with in silico functional annotation and catalogs of putative regulatory variants obtained from experimental data. We evaluated first GS models using the entire WGS data, with or without functional annotation. At this marker density, we were able to run two approaches, assuming either a highly polygenic architecture (GBLUP) or allowing some variants to have larger effects (BayesRR-RC, a Bayesian mixture model), and observed an increased reliability compared to the official GBLUP model at medium marker density (on average 0.016 and 0.018 for GBLUP and BayesRR-RC, respectively). When functional annotation was used, we observed slightly higher reliabilities with an extension of GBLUP that included multiple polygenic terms (one per functional group), while reliabilities decreased with BayesRR-RC. We then used large subsets of variants selected based on functional information or with a linkage disequilibrium (LD) pruning approach, which allowed us to evaluate two additional approaches, BayesCπ and Bayesian Sparse Linear Mixed Model (BSLMM). Reliabilities were higher for these panels than for the WGS data, with the highest accuracies obtained when markers were selected based on functional information. In our setting, BSLMM systematically achieved higher reliabilities than other methods. GS with large panels of functional variants selected from WGS data allowed a significant increase in reliability compared to the official genomic evaluation approach. However, the benefits of using WGS and functional data remained modest, indicating that there is still room for improvement, for example by further refining the functional annotation in the BBC breed.